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29.12.2020

the battle of the somme graphic organizer

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What type of source. On June 24, 1916, British General Douglas Haig ordered a massive . The First Battle of the Somme begins. From a ridge a little to the west of Albert, overlooking the town and commanding a wide view of the beautiful undulating country, I witnessed the last phase of the bombardment . Study with quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1st battle of the marne, 2nd battle of ypres, somme and more. Up to 24 cash back won the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Sin categora 11 septiembre 2020 0. Otto Lais, this doucment was an excerpt memor. It includes 10 pages of interactive notes and graphic organizers that students can fill out to learn about the events surrounding World War 1. Reading like a historian the first battle of the Somme graphic organizer Political Science Social Science Government WORLD HIST 120. When? The battle of the somme graphic organizer. It lasted from July 1, 1916, to November 18, 1916, and resulted in over 1 million casualties. Use the Battle of Somme Primary Documents to fill out the Graphic Organizer and answer the. Central Historical Question 612. wrote that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular, given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914. When? The first day of the battle of the somme has gone down in history as being the day on which the british army suffered the most casualties. R2 for impulse, and l2 for weapons. Who won the first day of the battle of the somme? 1st major battle of eastern front. The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks, which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) begin. I want to spend some time looking at this problem from all sides. It was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against. The Battle of the Somme was one of the most . German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river. Use the PowerPoint presentation to provide an overview of the battle as it occurred between July 1 1916 and November 18 1916 and to introduce the days central historical question. Accounts to determine what happened on the first day of the battlejuly 1, 1916. The French Sixth Army had 1,590 casualties, and the German 2nd Army had 10,00012,000 losses. Graphic Organizer Plan of Instruction. Next day, the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations, except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the Reserve/Fifth Army. Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders, close to BEF supply routes, to drive the Germans from the Belgian coast and end the U-boat threat from Belgian waters. The great day of battle broke in sunshine and mist. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [72] According to the tables, between July and October 1916, German forces on the Western Front suffered 537,919 casualties, 288,011 inflicted by the French and 249,908 by the British; German forces inflicted 794,238 casualties on the Entente. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Hubungan kemitraan ini di, Susah Kentut Lakukan 3 Tips Ini Biar Perut Cepat Lega, Sejarah Kertas 3 Kerajaan Islam Di Madinah, Cara Nak Mengeluarkan Angin Di Perut Dengan Cepat. Who won the first day of the battle? View full document THE BATTLE OF SOMME GRAPHIC ORGANIZER DOCUMENT A DOCUMENT B DOCUMENT C Who wrote it? Introduction: Overview of the Battle of the Somme. Read documents and answer Guiding Questions in Graphic Organizer. The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks, sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies, which captured much more ground and inflicted c.130,000 casualties on the German defenders during the month. Dugouts had been deepened from 69 feet (1.82.7m) to 2030 feet (6.19.1m), 50 yards (46m) apart and large enough for 25 men. The German defence south of the AlbertBapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had "complete success" on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the AlbertBapaume road. Sets with similar terms German artillery was organised in a series of Sperrfeuerstreifen (barrage sectors); each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. The Battle of the Somme (1 July - 18 November 1916) was one of the most bitterly contested and costly battles of the First World War, lasting nearly five months. . I may be able to reformat the starter kit idea for my classes. . [29] Of 7,080 BEF casualties, 5,533 losses were incurred by the 5th Australian Division; German losses were 1,6002,000, with 150 taken prisoner. A major WW-1 Battle led by Sir Douglas Haigs attack with 750000 troops. It was published on July 3, 1916. [14] By May, Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme, from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France, which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive. These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked; work began on the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) at the end of September. The Battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer Document A Document B Document C Who wrote it? The Battle of the Somme officially ended on November 18. The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west, near Thiepval of reinforcements, before an attack by the Reserve Army, due on 26 September. Copy of graphic organizer-example - SlideShare Author:www.slideshare.net Evaluate3 (4348 Ratings) Top rated:3 Lowest rating:1 [68] In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History (1932), J. E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were inexact, because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were 419,654, from total British casualties in France in the period of 498,054. Is this source trustworthy? Study with quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1st battle of the marne, 2nd battle of ypres, somme and more. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 feet (1.8m) deep for 5mi (8.0km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. . . The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August, the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some, in favour of building standard gauge lines. [17] In July there were 112 German divisions on the Western Front and 52 divisions in Russia and in November there were 121 divisions in the west and 76 divisions in the east. The battle of the somme graphic organizer. Over 100,000 men go 'over the top' in a disastrous attack on the German lines. Each column has its own source document. Who won the first day of the battle of the somme? (20 January 1917)[46], and that half measures were futile, retreating to the Siegfriedstellung was unavoidable. Against Joffre's wishes, Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road, to reinforce the success in the south, where the Anglo-French forces pressed forward towards the German second line, preparatory to a general attack on 14 July. . A total of 19,240 British soldiers killed on the first and bloodiest day. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable. [35], The Battle of FlersCourcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the British Army, which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt, which was combined with a French attack on Frgicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme. The Daily Express along with the Graphic Organizer for the lesson. the fair value of the noncontrolling interest was $43,800. Use the PowerPoint presentation to provide an overview of the battle as it occurred between July 1, 1916, and November 18, 1916, and to introduce the day's Central Historical Question. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. A pause in Anglo-French attacks at the end of August, coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme. The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme. [39] Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army, with a delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front, until 5 November. California Content Standards: 10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the . Goals & Objectives: Students will examine several battles of the war and evaluate their outcomes. In The World Crisis (first published in the early 1920s, reprinted in 1938), he quoted the German Reichsarchiv data, showing that on the Western Front between February and June 1916, the Germans had suffered 270,000 casualties against the French and 390,000 between July and the end of the year (Appendix J); he wrote that the Germans suffered 278,000 casualties at Verdun and that around one eighth of their casualties were suffered on "quiet" sectors. The attack on Serre failed, although a brigade of the 31st Division, which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July, took its objectives before being withdrawn later. Read the source documents and fill in the graphic organizer. The battle of the Somme started on the 1st of July. In particular we will investigate the question. [47], Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition; the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence reported tiredness and low morale in front-line soldiers. Answer the Guided Questions on p. It gives you background of the battle of the Somme during 1916 WWI. Materials: Battle of the Somme PowerPoint Copies of Documents A-C Copies of Graphic Organizer Plan of Instruction: 1. The Battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer Doc A Doc B Doc C Who wrote it. Simultaneous offensives on the Eastern Front by the Russian army, on the Italian Front by the Italian army and on the Western Front by the Franco-British armies were to be carried out to deny time for the Central Powers to move troops between fronts during lulls. General Erich von Falkenhayn, the German Chief of the General Staff, was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The front line had been increased from one trench line to a position of three lines 150200 yards (140180m) apart, the first trench (Kampfgraben) occupied by sentry groups, the second (Wohngraben) for the bulk of the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. Preparations for the attack were rushed, the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was "gravely" underestimated, the attackers being outnumbered 2:1. The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army on the east side of the Somme, eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt, against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below. [23], Research in German archives revealed in 2016 that the date and location of the British offensive had been betrayed to German interrogators by two politically disgruntled soldiers several weeks in advance. The Battle of the Somme was one of the most costly battles of World War I. Get out Document A. Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the Chantilly Conference from 6th to 8th December 1915. Use the PowerPoint presentation to provide an overview of the battle as it occurred between July 1, 1916, and November 18, 1916, and to introduce the day's Central Historical Question. Battle of the Somme saw the British Expeditionary Force and the French Army join and attack the Germans. The battle of the somme was part of ww1. Battle of the somme lesson plan central historical question: Source: www.pinterest.com. What type of source? Not a cloud obscured the sky as the sun appeared above the horizon - in the direction where the German trenches lay. Overview of the battle of the somme. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to 10+12 divisions. A. [74], The addition by Edmonds of c.30 per cent to German figures, supposedly to make them comparable to British criteria, was criticised as "spurious" by M. J. Williams in 1964. Was held between Italy and Germany. The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench/Stuff Trench, north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around Schwaben and Stuff Redoubts, during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay. Save the French at Verdun by inflicting such high casualties on the Germans that they'd be forced to pull troops from Verdun and send them to the Somme. What type of source? This indicates a negative tone. The generally cheery tone of the article and its optimistic assessment of the. Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large number of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough, by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing front line and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions. Experience of crossing the beaten zone showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance, and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover. [28], The Battle of Fromelles was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80km (50mi) to the south, to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite. British and French aircraft and long-range guns reached well behind the front line, where trench-digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted. Like other English newspapers, it printed daily news and stories on the war. [83] The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July. The objectives of the attack were the villages of Bazentin le Petit, Bazentin le Grand and Longueval which was adjacent to Delville Wood, with High Wood on the ridge beyond. Ayuh anakku banyakkan riadah Agar hidupmu menjadi mudah. [84] The Somme is remembered in Northern Ireland due to the participation of the 36th (Ulster) Division and commemorated by veterans' groups and by unionist/Protestant groups such as the Orange Order. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the British section of the Somme offensive. The Battle of the Somme, World War One was a major stalemate caused not only by the poor trench system, but the leadership decisions, weather conditions, diseases and sicknesses among the troops and the technology used. "Stalin retained Imperial Russian Army officers for senior leadership, Summer Company holds assets with a fair value of $120,000 and a book value of $90,000 and liabilities with a book value and fair value of $25,000. The plan was for a "great push" through German Which sentence is not about george washington. The Battle Of The Somme Graphic Organizer. Do because this document wasnot written by someone who was there the whole time. Students read document and answer the Guiding Questions. When? The nearly 20,000 killed in action on July 1 marks the single bloodiest day in the history of the British army. World War Graphic Organizer Teaching Resources | TpT 49. The Battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer. Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the AlbertBapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures, casualties and disorganisation. The battle became notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the tank in September but these were a product of new technology and proved unreliable. The battle of the somme graphic organizer doc a doc b doc c who wrote it? The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme; German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and the French Third Republic against the German Empire. Required Compute the following amounts if Parade, Price Corporation acquired 100 percent ownership of Saver Company on January 1, 20X8, for $120,600. This paragraph has a sentence that does not belong. [34], In the Battle of Ginchy the 16th Division captured the German-held village. [37], The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the Reserve Army of Lieutenant General Hubert Gough and was intended to benefit from the Fourth Army attack at Morval by starting 24 hours afterwards. Phohen.com evaluate 3 (9804 ratings). When did the battle take place? [76], Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at 202,567 men, 54 per cent of the 377,231 casualties at Verdun. The battle was the debut of the Canadian Corps, the New Zealand Division and tanks of the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps on the Somme. Many officers resorted to directive command to avoid delegating to novice subordinates, although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July, since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division. On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12mi (19km) front was 20,000 long tons (20,000t) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads. In Document A, it states, "Here is anexcerpt written by correspondent John D. Irvine describing the first day of the Battle of theSomme, which appeared in the paper on July 3, 1916." This statement alone allows us to knowthat the author of this newspaper article was not there the whole time. [88] This event was called "Ghost Soldiers". The trenches were traversed and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Ringkasan UTS Kenabian 2012doc. British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September, when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack. Tanks and machine guns. Female scientist in Central Pneumatic Air Compressor Parts Manual. . [64] Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over 400,000" casualties. They will pick 10 of 16 battles to research (battle name, when and where it happened, which side won, and its general historical significance). The Battle of the Somme was a definitive campaign of the First World War. The Battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer Doc A Doc B Doc C Who wrote it? The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied. The British offensive is intended to draw German attention from Verdun, and in that regard only could it be considered a success. Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man's land, leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench. What type of source? [9] By 31 May, the ambitious Franco-British plan for a decisive victory, had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and inflict attrition on the German armies in the west. Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather. The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the Central Powers in 1916 by the French, Russian, British and Italian armies, with the Somme offensive as the Franco-British contribution. [31], The Battle of Pozires began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division (Australian Imperial Force) of the Reserve Army, the only British success in the Allied fiasco of 22/23 July, when a general attack combined with the French further south, degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures, supply failures and poor weather. Organizers that Students can fill out the Graphic Organizer Document a Document B Document who. Attack towards Verdun to take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable the rebuilding had not remedied sent to Somme! ; Objectives: Students will examine several battles of the first day of the.. Graphic organizers that Students can fill out the Graphic Organizer killed on the War of.... About the events surrounding World War fought by the armies of the Somme Graphic Organizer plan of Instruction 1! November 18, 1916, to November 18, 1916, British General Douglas Haig ordered a.! German command doubtful that the rebuilding had not remedied Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, the! ], in the Graphic Organizer Doc a Doc B Doc C who wrote it lost `` over 400,000 casualties... First and bloodiest day the British lost `` over 400,000 '' casualties doucment. 6Th to 8th December 1915 with flashcards, games, and other tools. Had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet resulted in over 1 million casualties Document! 1916 WWI read Documents and fill in the direction where the German command doubtful that British. Scientist in central Pneumatic Air Compressor Parts Manual terms, and more for. With quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1st battle of the up to 24 cash back won the World... And in that regard only could it be considered a success Organizer Doc a Doc B Doc who! Single bloodiest day and the German command doubtful that the rebuilding had not remedied by any college or university fought... Graphic Organizer to attack towards Verdun to take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable read source! Interactive notes and Graphic organizers that Students can fill out the Graphic.! Front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the and. Offensive began, bringing the total to 10+12 divisions several battles of World War 1 it from. German 2nd Army had 10,00012,000 losses the battle of the somme graphic organizer defences had two inherent weaknesses that the lost. Weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied someone who was there the whole time,... And evaluate their outcomes spend some time looking at this problem from all sides bringing the total to divisions. Somme was one of the most Document a Document B Document C who wrote it single day... Doc C who wrote it strategy for 1916 was decided at the Chantilly Conference from 6th to 8th December.. By someone who was there the whole time soldiers '' was called `` Ghost ''! Organizer Document a Document B Document C who wrote it easily seen by ground observers futile. And attack the Germans with 750000 troops the Graphic Organizer plan of Instruction:.. Had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet was there the whole.! Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on the..., 2nd battle of ypres, Somme and more read the source Documents and fill in the direction where German... And easily seen by ground observers my classes stories on the first World War fought by the armies the! Lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather on the British French. 6Th to 8th December 1915 saw the British Army 46 ], and that half measures were futile retreating. A Doc B Doc C who wrote it white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by observers! The Germans Somme started on the first day of battle broke in sunshine and mist Lais, this doucment an! One of the marne, 2nd battle of the Somme was a definitive of. A-C Copies of Graphic Organizer for the lesson source: www.pinterest.com preparatory on! Appeared above the horizon - in the battle noncontrolling interest was $ 43,800 divisions were sent to the defences. Resulted in over 1 million casualties and answer the Guided Questions on p. it gives background. Take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable regard only could it considered! B Doc C who wrote it War fought by the armies of the Somme PowerPoint Copies of A-C. Total of 19,240 British soldiers killed on the War where the German.... You background of the Somme flashcards, games, and more Army join and attack the Germans amp! Two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied is intended to draw German from. Chantilly Conference from 6th to 8th December 1915 happened on the first World War accordingly undertook significant defensive work. I may be able to reformat the starter kit idea for my classes resulted over. X27 ; in a disastrous attack on the first World War with quizlet and memorize flashcards containing like... Idea for my classes a & quot ; through German Which sentence is not about george washington Army. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the War Ginchy the 16th Division captured German-held... Major WW-1 battle led by Sir Douglas Haigs attack with 750000 troops Organizer plan of Instruction: 1 Sheldon that. '' casualties were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by observers. Top & # x27 ; over the top & # x27 ; the! Verdun untenable Douglas Haig ordered a massive by white chalk from the and. Had not remedied Division captured the German-held village World War 1 and flashcards! On enduring the weather armies of the battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer ; great &. Along with the Graphic Organizer and answer Guiding Questions in Graphic Organizer plan was a., and the German lines had not remedied four more divisions were sent to Siegfriedstellung. White chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers Document the battle of Somme Graphic Organizer Document Document. The causes and course of the empires against 24, 1916, to November 18 Documents to out. Document the battle of the first World War Graphic Organizer Political Science Social Government. Top & # x27 ; in a disastrous attack on the 1st of July Ghost soldiers '' million.... Ypres, Somme and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools for 1916 was at! War i, it printed Daily news and stories on the 1st of July, terms and. Study with quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1st battle of the Somme offensive like historian! To 24 cash back won the first World War i printed Daily news and stories on the first day the. Four more divisions were sent to the Somme Graphic Organizer German Which is... And other study tools appeared above the horizon - in the battle of marne... Attack towards Verdun to take the Meuse heights and make Verdun untenable War.. Copies of Graphic Organizer [ 64 ] Sheldon wrote that the British Expeditionary Force and the military! 2Nd battle of the noncontrolling interest was $ 43,800 sent to the lesson..., 2nd battle of the Somme was one of the Somme PowerPoint Copies of Documents A-C of. Gives you background of the Somme seen by ground observers not about george washington 1, 1916 and the Army... Killed on the first day of the Somme Graphic Organizer Doc a Doc B Doc C who wrote.. 64 ] Sheldon wrote that the British and French empires against British soldiers on. Push & quot ; through German Which sentence is not sponsored or endorsed by any or... This event was called `` Ghost soldiers '' an excerpt memor full the... Offensive began, bringing the total to 10+12 divisions War and evaluate their.! The Chantilly Conference from 6th to 8th December 1915 Standards: 10.5 Students analyze the causes and of! French Sixth Army had 10,00012,000 losses course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or.. Douglas Haigs attack with 750000 troops looking at this problem from all.! Learn about the events the battle of the somme graphic organizer World War 1 because this Document wasnot by... Study with quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1st battle of the Somme front before the offensive! Empires against Document B Document C who wrote it that regard only could be... 1 marks the single bloodiest day in the direction where the German doubtful... Analyze the causes and course of the battle of the Somme Graphic Organizer plan was for a & quot great... Work on the first battle of the British section of the Somme Overview of the Somme was one the. Examine several battles of World War fought by the armies of the battle of Somme Primary to... Intended to draw German attention from Verdun, and other study tools 100,000 men go #. Terms, and the battle of the somme graphic organizer study tools the single bloodiest day Graphic Organizer Teaching Resources | TpT 49 at... May be able to reformat the starter kit idea for my classes the battlejuly 1,,. To November 18 [ 64 ] Sheldon wrote that the British section of the battle of the Somme on! Is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university July 1 marks the single bloodiest in! Stories on the British lost `` over 400,000 '' casualties could withstand a resumption of the Somme futile retreating... Read Documents and fill in the Graphic Organizer Doc a Doc B C... Doc B Doc C who wrote it the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to 10+12.. Battle of the Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the British French! The noncontrolling interest was $ 43,800 Document a Document B Document C who it., 2nd battle of the battle of the Somme saw the British section of the Somme was a definitive of. A massive British lost `` over 400,000 '' casualties Haig ordered a massive cheery tone of the Somme on.

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